Identifying the characteristic signatures of fold-accommodation faults     

《Journal of Structural Geology》2013

Hand-specimen and outcrop scale examples of folds are analyzed here to identify the characteristic signatures of fold-accommodation faults. We describe and analyze the geometric and kinematic relationships between folds and their associated faults in detail including the structural position and spatial distribution of faults within a fold, the displacement distribution along the faults by applying separation–distance plots for the outcrop scale examples, and the change of cut-off angle when the fault cut across folded layers. A comparison between fold-accommodation faults and fault related folds based on their separation–distribution plots and the problem of time sequence between faulting and folding are discussed in order to distinguish fold-accommodation faults from the reverse faults geometrically and kinematically similar to them. The analysis results show that fold-accommodation faults originate and terminate within a fold and usually do not modify the geometry of the fold because of their limited displacement. The out-of-syncline thrust has a diagnostically negative slope (separation value decreasing away from the upper fault tip) in the separation–distance graph. The change of cut-off angle and the spatial distribution of faults display a close relationship with the axial surface of the fold. Our analyses show that fold-accommodation faults are kinematically consistent with the flexural slip of the fold. The interbedded strata with competence contrast facilitate formation of fold-accommodation faults. These characteristic signatures are concluded as a set of primary identification criteria for fold-accommodation faults.  相似文献   

Experimental monitoring and numerical study of pesticide (carbofuran) transfer in an agricultural soil at a field site     

《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2014,346(9-10):255-261

We studied the transport of a pesticide at field scale, namely carbofuran molecule, which is known for its high mobility, especially in sandy soils with high hydraulic conductivity and low organic matter. To add to our knowledge of the future of this high-mobility molecule in this type of soils, we developed a mechanistic numerical model allowing the simulation of hydric and solute transfers (bromide and carbofuran) in the soil. We carried out this study in an agricultural plot in the region of Mnasra in Morocco. Confrontation of the measured and simulated values allowed the calibration of the parameters of hydric transfer and carbofuran. The developed model accurately reproduces the measured values. Despite a weak irrigation and precipitation regime, carbofuran was practically leached beyond the root zone. Prospective simulations show that under a more important irrigation regime, carbofuran reaches a 100-cm depth, whereas it does not exceed 60 cm under a deficit regime.  相似文献   

Do choropleth maps linked with parallel coordinates facilitate an understanding of multivariate spatial characteristics?     

Tomasz Opach  Jan Ketil Rød 《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(5):413-429

Our study has three objectives. We want to investigate (1) whether choropleth maps linked with parallel coordinates help people understand the locations of vulnerable places and the factors making these places vulnerable, (2) whether sparklines that imitate the polylines from a parallel coordinate plot support the understanding of the information provided in that plot, and (3) whether a multiple-view geovisualization approach might be intuitive and useful also for nonexperts. Although we base our work on the functionalities available in the tool called ‘ViewExposed,’ we intend to outline more general conclusions on whether multiple linked views facilitate the understanding of multivariate spatial characteristics. An empirical study with 53 individuals was conducted to obtain insights on these objectives. Our task-based assessment considered the ways in which participants understood the dynamic linking capabilities. Some of the key findings are as follows: (1) even nonexpert users are able to use parallel coordinates linked with choropleth maps; however, only those with extensive inference-making abilities will do so efficiently; (2) parallel coordinates sparklines work as an independent component facilitating the understanding of multivariate data; and (3) the intuitive nature of a multiple-view geovisualization tool is not enough to encourage people to use it.  相似文献   

Milankovitch Cyclicity and Sea-level Changes Recorded in the Aftermath of the End-Permian Mass Extinction: Case Study of the Earliest Triassic of the Meishan Section, South China     

TIAN Shifeng  CHENG Zhongqiang  HUANG Chunju 《《地质学报》英文版》2013,87(Z1):923-923

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我国极区冬季电离层加热实验研究   总被引：10，自引：8，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

徐彬  吴军  吴健  吴振森  车海琴  许正文  薛昆  闫玉波 《地球物理学报》2009,52(4):859-877

通过对非相干散射雷达观测数据的处理分析,研究了2008年1月我国在挪威Troms进行的冬季电离层加热实验效应.研究结果表明,电离层临界频率大于泵波频率的O波加热事件扰动效应明显,电子温度存在60%~120%的增强,扰动范围从150 km一直延伸到400 km,电子密度扰动不显著,最大可以观察到12%的密度衰减.受加热影响,离子声波频率有1~2 kHz的增加,离子线谱峰谷比增加,有时伴随有高阶谐振线出现.离子线和等离子线功率存在过冲现象,等离子线的功率剖面存在单峰、双峰和三峰结构,等离子线的功率增强幅度随频率负指数衰减.  相似文献   

离子分布函数的20矩近似在非相干散射谱中的应用   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

薛昆  郭立新  吴健  徐彬  房朝峰 《地球物理学报》2009,52(4):878-886

根据Grad理论,以麦克斯韦分布函数为基,将离子分布函数展成20矩近似的形式,讨论了黏滞张量项与热流项对离子分布函数的影响.在电场比较弱的情况下,沿着E×B和E的方向上,热流矢量项和黏滞张量项是可以分别忽略掉的.离子温度的各向异性特征和分布函数的不对称性是由黏滞项和热流项引起的.利用Sheffield理论计算得到了非相干散射谱,并对13矩近似和20矩近似得到的非相干散射谱进行了对比.在电场比较弱的情况下,这两种近似基本一致,而当电场增强时,热流张量项的贡献变得很明显,温度各向异性的特征加剧.此时与13矩近似相比较,20矩近似能够更加准确地描述以温度各向异性为特性的非麦克斯韦分布等离子体.  相似文献   

Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Enhances Copper Uptake in Crops and Pasture Species Grown in Copper‐Contaminated Soils in a Micro‐Plot Study          下载免费PDF全文

Shuai Tian  Yan Jia  Yongzhen Ding  Ruigang Wang  Zhengguo Song  Junkang Guo  Li Zhou 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2014,42(3):347-354

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三种不同天气系统强降水过程中分钟雨量的对比分析   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

盛杰  张小雯  孙军  毛冬艳  谌芸  朱文剑 《气象》2012,38(10):1161-1169

通过使用高时间分辨率的分钟级雨量资料并结合雷达回波,对比分析了近年来飑线、梅雨锋和热带系统影响下的三次强降水过程,并通过降水率、降水持续时间和降水变率的统计,探讨三次强降水过程的特征,最后给出强降水时段对应所有站点最初1小时降水的平均状态。结果表明:用分钟雨量资料辨识出的强降水时段降水序列,结合雷达回波和小波分析发现其可以很好地表现γ中尺度对流系统的降水特征,弥补了小时雨量时间分辨率低的缺陷。分析三个过程中强降水时段的样本发现华北飑线的强降水过程单站只有一次强降水时段,累计雨量基本在50 mm以下,具有降水率大,持续时间短,突变性强的特点,预报难度较大;在热带对流系统的影响下,单站降水由多次强降水时段构成,且强降水时段样本累计雨量可达100 mm以上,降水率较其他系统偏小,但持续时间最长,降水均匀稳定;梅雨锋对应的降水持续时间以1～2 h为主,但降水率高于热带系统,强降水时段样本累计雨量基本在100 mm以下,降水性质的特点是介于飑线和热带强降水系统之间,预报最为复杂。  相似文献   

贺兰山以北乌兰布和沙漠地下水水化学特征演化规律研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

党慧慧  董军  岳宁  董阳  郭映  魏国孝 《冰川冻土》2015,37(3):793-802

乌兰布和沙漠对中国西北部干旱地区气候变化和水文循环过程研究具有指示意义, 以水文地球化学运移为导向, 通过分析33个地下水样, 探讨了该区地下水的补给与演化过程. 结果表明: 巴彦乌拉山浅层地下水水化学类型为Cl^--HCO₃^--SO₄^2--Na⁺; 从吉兰泰盐湖至乌兰布和沙漠, 主要水化学类型变化浅层地下水为Cl^--HCO₃^--Na⁺到Cl^--HCO₃^--SO₄^2--Na⁺, 深层地下水为HCO₃^--Cl^--Na⁺再到HCO₃^--Cl^--Na⁺或HCO₃^--Cl^--Ca²⁺. Gibbs图表明, 研究区地下水的水化学特征主要受蒸发浓缩作用影响和岩石风化作用控制, 大气降雨机制影响甚微. 主要离子相关关系图及饱和指数表明, 岩盐、芒硝、钠长石、方解石、白云石、石膏等矿物的风化溶解是该区地下水主要离子来源. 此外, 氯碱指数和Ca/Na的指示, 说明阳离子交换作用也是形成该地区地下水水化学组分的重要机制.  相似文献   

测井岩性分析中用VB实现直方图的最优化绘制     

骆淼  潘和平  黄东山 《煤田地质与勘探》2005,33(2):55-57

根据测井岩性解释工作的实际需求,基于可视化程序设计思想,用VisualBasic 6.0开发了直方图的最优化绘制软件。该软件能够自动对数据进行统计分析,剔除异常数据,选择最优参数绘制直方图,且界面友好,功能齐全,易于操作。   相似文献